feat(storage): Azure backend using thanos.io/objstore

[JoaoBraveCoding]

What this PR does / why we need it*:

This PR adds support to use the thanos.io/objstore backend for the Azure provider for all components excluding the Ruler since it's similar to the work done in #11132.

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:
Fixes #

Special notes for your reviewer:

• We tried to the best of our efforts to preserve feature parity so the new backend still uses the ObjectClient interface
• Fix how some CLI variables we being passed (some HTTP CLI variables were under .http while others weren't)
• Thanos.io/objstore doesn't support all the CLI flags Loki supports nowadays (see snippet below)
• This PR was inspired by the way Mimir uses thanos.io/objstore with the goal of making this part of the codebase as similar as possible

CLI Table

azure.account-name
azure.account-key
azure.connection-string
azure.container-name
azure.endpoint-suffix
azure.user-assigned-id
azure.max-retries
azure.max-retry-delay

NOT SUPPORTED AT THE MOMENT
azure.environment
azure.use-managed-identity
azure.use-federated-token
azure.chunk-delimiter
azure.request-timeout
azure.download-buffer-size
azure.upload-buffer-size
azure.download-buffer-size
azure.min-retry-delay
azure.use-service-principal
azure.tenant-id
azure.client-id
azure.client-secret

Checklist

• Reviewed the CONTRIBUTING.md guide (required)
• Documentation added
• Tests updated
• CHANGELOG.md updated
  • If the change is worth mentioning in the release notes, add add-to-release-notes label
• Changes that require user attention or interaction to upgrade are documented in docs/sources/setup/upgrade/_index.md
• For Helm chart changes bump the Helm chart version in production/helm/loki/Chart.yaml and update production/helm/loki/CHANGELOG.md and production/helm/loki/README.md. Example PR
• If the change is deprecating or removing a configuration option, update the deprecated-config.yaml and deleted-config.yaml files respectively in the tools/deprecated-config-checker directory. Example PR

[github-actions]

Trivy scan found the following vulnerabilities:

• HIGH openssl: Incorrect cipher key and IV length processing in libcrypto3 v3.1.3-r0. Fixed in v3.1.4-r0
• HIGH openssl: Incorrect cipher key and IV length processing in libssl3 v3.1.3-r0. Fixed in v3.1.4-r0

[JoaoBraveCoding]

lgtm, the adapter was a great idea!

[JoaoBraveCoding]

On pkg/storage/bucket/client.go we should add to func (cfg *StorageBackendConfig) Validate() error {

	if err := cfg.Azure.Validate(); err != nil {
		return errors.Wrap(err, "invalid Azure Storage config")
	}

[JoaoBraveCoding]

lgtm

[JoaoBraveCoding]

Tested and it works 👍

[chaudum]

Wonder why the linter did not catch this empty newline. Please run make format

[chaudum]

nit: Personally I find this is quite an unusual API.
You are supposed to call bucket.WithRetryableErrFunc(func(err error) bool {})(client), right?

[chaudum]

Suggested change

	type options func(*ObjectClientAdapter)
	type ClientOptions func(*ObjectClientAdapter)