fix(build): Use Debian Bullseye base image for build image

[chaudum]

What this PR does / why we need it:

This change is necessary to allow the binaries built using the Loki build image to run on operating systems with older libc version.

E.g. Promtail is built with cgo (CGO_ENABLED=1), because the journald target support requires it.

$ docker run --rm -ti --entrypoint=/usr/bin/ldd golang:1.23-bullseye --version
ldd (Debian GLIBC 2.31-13+deb11u11) 2.31
Copyright (C) 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Written by Roland McGrath and Ulrich Drepper.

$ docker run --rm -ti --entrypoint=/usr/bin/ldd golang:1.23-bookworm --version
ldd (Debian GLIBC 2.36-9+deb12u8) 2.36
Copyright (C) 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Written by Roland McGrath and Ulrich Drepper.

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:

Fixes #13393

Further discussion

The .deb and .rpm packages should define the libc version as dependency.

Checklist

• Reviewed the CONTRIBUTING.md guide (required)
• Documentation added
• Tests updated
• Title matches the required conventional commits format, see here
  • Note that Promtail is considered to be feature complete, and future development for logs collection will be in Grafana Alloy. As such, feat PRs are unlikely to be accepted unless a case can be made for the feature actually being a bug fix to existing behavior.
• Changes that require user attention or interaction to upgrade are documented in docs/sources/setup/upgrade/_index.md
• If the change is deprecating or removing a configuration option, update the deprecated-config.yaml and deleted-config.yaml files respectively in the tools/deprecated-config-checker directory. Example PR

[loki-gh-app]

Hello @chaudum!
Backport pull requests need to be either:

• Pull requests which address bugs,
• Urgent fixes which need product approval, in order to get merged,
• Docs changes.

Please, if the current pull request addresses a bug fix, label it with the type/bug label.
If it already has the product approval, please add the product-approved label. For docs changes, please add the type/docs label.
If the pull request modifies CI behaviour, please add the type/ci label.
If none of the above applies, please consider removing the backport label and target the next major/minor release.
Thanks!

[loki-gh-app]

Hello @chaudum!
Backport pull requests need to be either:

• Pull requests which address bugs,
• Urgent fixes which need product approval, in order to get merged,
• Docs changes.

Please, if the current pull request addresses a bug fix, label it with the type/bug label.
If it already has the product approval, please add the product-approved label. For docs changes, please add the type/docs label.
If the pull request modifies CI behaviour, please add the type/ci label.
If none of the above applies, please consider removing the backport label and target the next major/minor release.
Thanks!

[loki-gh-app]

This PR must be merged before a backport PR will be created.

[vlad-diachenko]

lgtm

[loki-gh-app]

The backport to release-3.1.x failed:

The process '/usr/bin/git' failed with exit code 1

To backport manually, run these commands in your terminal:

# Fetch latest updates from GitHub
git fetch
# Create a new branch
git switch --create backport-14368-to-release-3.1.x origin/release-3.1.x
# Cherry-pick the merged commit of this pull request and resolve the conflicts
git cherry-pick -x 3beb8ff9cfe7f765b5d5db87892981a223d72f50

When the conflicts are resolved, stage and commit the changes:

git add . && git cherry-pick --continue

If you have the GitHub CLI installed:

# Push the branch to GitHub:
git push --set-upstream origin backport-14368-to-release-3.1.x
# Create the PR body template
PR_BODY=$(gh pr view 14368 --json body --template 'Backport 3beb8ff9cfe7f765b5d5db87892981a223d72f50 from #14368{{ "\n\n---\n\n" }}{{ index . "body" }}')
# Create the PR on GitHub
echo "${PR_BODY}" | gh pr create --title 'fix(build): Use Debian Bullseye base image for build image (backport release-3.1.x)' --body-file - --label 'size/M' --label 'type/build' --label 'type/docs' --label 'type/bug' --label 'backport' --base release-3.1.x --milestone release-3.1.x --web

Or, if you don't have the GitHub CLI installed (we recommend you install it!):

# Push the branch to GitHub:
git push --set-upstream origin backport-14368-to-release-3.1.x

# Create a pull request where the `base` branch is `release-3.1.x` and the `compare`/`head` branch is `backport-14368-to-release-3.1.x`.

# Remove the local backport branch
git switch main
git branch -D backport-14368-to-release-3.1.x

[loki-gh-app]

The backport to release-3.2.x failed:

The process '/usr/bin/git' failed with exit code 1

To backport manually, run these commands in your terminal:

# Fetch latest updates from GitHub
git fetch
# Create a new branch
git switch --create backport-14368-to-release-3.2.x origin/release-3.2.x
# Cherry-pick the merged commit of this pull request and resolve the conflicts
git cherry-pick -x 3beb8ff9cfe7f765b5d5db87892981a223d72f50

When the conflicts are resolved, stage and commit the changes:

git add . && git cherry-pick --continue

If you have the GitHub CLI installed:

# Push the branch to GitHub:
git push --set-upstream origin backport-14368-to-release-3.2.x
# Create the PR body template
PR_BODY=$(gh pr view 14368 --json body --template 'Backport 3beb8ff9cfe7f765b5d5db87892981a223d72f50 from #14368{{ "\n\n---\n\n" }}{{ index . "body" }}')
# Create the PR on GitHub
echo "${PR_BODY}" | gh pr create --title 'fix(build): Use Debian Bullseye base image for build image (backport release-3.2.x)' --body-file - --label 'size/M' --label 'type/build' --label 'type/docs' --label 'type/bug' --label 'backport' --base release-3.2.x --milestone release-3.2.x --web

Or, if you don't have the GitHub CLI installed (we recommend you install it!):

# Push the branch to GitHub:
git push --set-upstream origin backport-14368-to-release-3.2.x

# Create a pull request where the `base` branch is `release-3.2.x` and the `compare`/`head` branch is `backport-14368-to-release-3.2.x`.

# Remove the local backport branch
git switch main
git branch -D backport-14368-to-release-3.2.x