Abstract
Two large-scale environmental disasters in Assam's easternmost district Tinsukia, raised great passion and held much traction in local print, electronic and social media platforms in 2020. The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) granted post-facto approval for opencast mining in Saleki Proposed Reserved Forest (PRF) under Dehing-Patkai Elephant Reserve in Assam. Later, the public sector company, Oil India Limited (OIL) reported a gas leak in Baghjan that resulted in a major blowout resulting in deaths and displacement in the area. In this article, we argue that these events constitute a tragic outcome of decades of appropriation of natural resources by the oil, tea and coal industry all of which depend on obsolete technologies of extraction. We focus on how this is happening in a place that has several disaffected, marginalised people who once relied on agriculture for their livelihoods. We argue that these two events are not aberrations in the global narrative of inter-governmental concerns for climate change. Instead, we believe that they are part of a global template of re-colonisation that continued long after the formal transfers of power that occurred in Africa and Asia in the 20th century.
References
| Banerjee, D (2005) Labour Movement in Assam: A Study of Non-plantation Workers’ Strikes Till 1939. New Delhi: Anamika Publishers and Distributors. Google Scholar | |
| Barbora, S (2018) Peasant, Students, Insurgents and Popular Movements in Contemporary Assam, Policies and Practices, 97. Kolkata: Calcutta Research Group. Google Scholar | |
| Baruah, M, Gogoi, B (2017) Urban mobility and economic development of Tinsukia, Assam. In: Sharma, P, Rajput, S (eds) Sustainable Smart Cities in India. The Urban Book Series. Cham: Springer, pp. 619-636. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47145-7_37. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Baruah, S (2007) Post Frontier Blues: Toward a New Policy Framework for Northeast India. Washington, DC: East West Center. Google Scholar | |
| Behal, RP (2014) One Hundred Years of Servitude: Political Economy of Tea Plantations in Colonial Assam. New Delhi: Tullika Books. Google Scholar | |
| Bhattacharjee, J (2014) Mining and people’s protest: A study in India’s North East. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences 3(11): 65–70. Google Scholar | |
| Census of India (2012) Census of India 2011, Assam (Series 19, Part XII-A): District Census Handbook, Tinsukia (Village and Town Directory). Guwahati: Directorate of Census Operations. Google Scholar | |
| Charrington-Hollins, S (2020) A Dark History of Tea. Yorkshire and Philadelphia: Pen and Sword History. Google Scholar | |
| Drew, L (2019) Making tea. Nature 566: S3–S5. Google Scholar | |
| Duara, M (2017) Non Inclusive Trade Unionism in the Tea Estates of Assam, Working Paper 4. Guwahati: Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University. Google Scholar | |
| Fan, F-T (2004) British Naturalists in Qing China: Science, Empire and Cultural Encounter. Cambridge, MASS: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Fan, F-T (2007) Science in cultural borderlands: Methodological reflections on the study of science, European imperialism and cultural encounter. East Asian Science, Technology and Society: an International Journal 1(2007): 213–231. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Griffiths, P (1967) The History of the Indian Tea Industry. London: Weidenfield and Nicholson. Google Scholar | |
| Guha, A (1977) Planter Raj to Swaraj: Freedom Struggle and Electoral Politics in Assam 1826–1947. New Delhi: Popular Publishing House. Google Scholar | |
| Gurung, T (2003) Human movement and the colonial state: The Nepalis of North-East India under the British Empire. In: Sinha, AC, Subba, TB (eds) The Nepalis in North-east India: A Community in Search of Indian Identity. New Delhi: Indus, pp.172–184. Google Scholar | |
| Hazarika, S (1994) Strangers of the Mist: Tales of War and Peace From India’s Northeast. New Delhi: Viking, Penguin Books India. Google Scholar | |
| Jenkins, F (1835) Further discovery of coal beds in Assam. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 4(48): 704–707. Google Scholar | |
| Kar, B (2016) Nomadic capital and speculative tribes: A culture of contracts in the Northeastern Frontier of British India. The Indian Economic and Social History Review 53(1): 41–67. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Karlsson, B (2003) Anthropology and the ‘indigenous slot’: Claims to and debates about indigenous Peoples’ Status in India. Critique of Anthropology 23(4): 403–423. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Karlsson, B (2021) Life and death in the plantation: Tea and the travel of seeds, plants and science across the Indian Ocean. In: Karlsson, B, Rabo, A (eds) Seedways: The Circulation, Care and Control of Plants in a Warming World. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, pp. 121-144. Google Scholar | |
| Kikon, D (2019) Living With Oil and Coal: Resource Politics and Militarization in Northeast India. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Google Scholar | |
| Kikon, D (2020) Toxic Futures: Assam, Oil and a Crude Future. The India Forum. Available at: https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/toxic-ecologies-assam-oil-and-crude-future (accessed 9th September 2020). Google Scholar | |
| Kikon, D, Karlsson, BG (2019) Leaving the Land: Indigenous Migration and Affective Labour in India. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Liu, AB (2010) The birth of a noble tea country: On the geography of colonial capital and the origins of Indian tea. Journal of Historical Sociology 23(1): 73–100. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Mallet, FR (1876) On the coalfields of the Naga Hills bordering the Lakhimpur and Sibsagar districts, Assam. Memoir of Geological Survey India l2(2): 269–363. Google Scholar | |
| MASS (Manab Adhikar Sangram Samiti) (2000) Planter Raj to Police Raj: A report on the killing of workers in Bargara T.E. Revolutionary Democracy 6(2): September issue. Available at: www.revolutionarydemocracy.org. Google Scholar | |
| MASS (Manab Adhikar Sangram Samiti), Naga Peoples Movement for Human Rights (NPMHR), Asom Sachetan Mohila Mancha (ASMM), and Karbi Human Rights Watch (KHRW) 2012 Death, Insurgency and Impunity: A Report on Extra-Judicial Executions in Tinsukia, Assam 2011–2012. Guwahati: Manab Adhikar Sangram Samiti. Google Scholar | |
| Mitchell, T (2011) Carbon Democracy: Political Power in the Age of Oil. London and New York: Verso. Google Scholar | |
| Routray, BP (2003) Confronting Terror. Outlook, 15 October. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/confronting-terror/221735. Google Scholar | |
| Saha, D (2020) Producer collectives through self-help: Sustainability of small tea growers in India. International Review of Applied Economic 34(4): 471–490. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Saikia, A (2011) Imperialism, geology and petroleum: History of oil in colonial Assam. Economic and Political Weekly 46(20): 48–55. Google Scholar | |
| Sen, S (2014) Coal Mining Industry in Assam: A Study of Tinsukia District, 1865–1940. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of History, Assam University. Google Scholar | |
| Sharma, J (2011) Empire’s Garden: Assam and the Making of India. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Tan, PJ (2018) The new normal: Indonesian democracy twenty years after Suharto. Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia 24(24). Available at: https://kyotoreview.org/issue-24/new-normal-indonesian-democracy-after-suharto/. Google Scholar | |
| Tsing, AL (2004) Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar | |
| ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam) (1996) National question in Assam. In: AIPRF (All India Peoples Resistance Forum) (ed) Symphony of Freedom. Hyderabad: All India Peoples Resistance Forum (AIPRF), pp.151–155. Google Scholar | |
| Watts, M (2007) Petro-insurgency or criminal syndicate? Review of African Political Economy 34(114): 637–660. Google Scholar | Crossref |


