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As its name implies, the bridged-T attenuator has an additional resistive element forming a bridged network across the two series resistors of the standard T-pad attenuator. This additional resistive element enables the circuit to reduce the level of a signal by the required atte...
Boolean Algebra simplification is not that difficult to understand if you realise that the use of the symbols or signs of: "+" and "." represent the operation of logical functions. Logical functions test whether a condition or state is either TRUE or FALSE but not both at the sam...
The Toggle Flip-flop is another type of bistable sequential logic circuit based around the previous clocked JK flip-flop circuit. Toggle flip-flops can be used as a basic digital element for storing one bit of information, as a divide-by-two divider or as a counter. Toggle flip-f...
An FET Current Source is a type of active circuit which uses a Field Effect Transistor to supply a constant amount of current to a circuit. But why would you want a constant current? Constant current sources and current sinks, (a current sink is the reverse of a current source) a...
Compared to the R-2R DAC, the binary weighted digital-to-analogue converter has an analogue output voltage which is the weighted sum of the individual inputs. Thus it requires a large range of precision resistors within its ladder network, making its design both expensive and imp...
The Digital to Analogue Converter, or DAC's as they are more commonly known, are the opposite of the Analogue to Digital Converter we looked at in a previous tutorial. DAC's convert binary or non-binary numbers and codes into analogue ones with its output voltage (or current) bei...
We saw in the tutorial about Summing Amplifiers that the voltages or signals applied to the multiple inputs of an inverting operational amplifier circuit can be "summed" together to produce a single output, and depending on the amplifiers configuration, inverting or non-inverting...
Twin-T Oscillators are another type of RC oscillator which produces a sinewave output for use in fixed-frequency applications similar to the Wein-bridge oscillator. The twin-T oscillator uses two "Tee" shaped RC networks in its feedback loop (hence the name) between the output an...
