Angiopteris
| Angiopteris | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Angiopteris lygodiifolia in Longtan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Marattiales |
| Family: | Marattiaceae |
| Genus: | Angiopteris Hoffm. |
| Type species | |
| Angiopteris evecta (Forster) Hoffmann | |
| Species | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Angiopteris is a genus of huge evergreen ferns from the family Marattiaceae, found throughout the paleotropics from Madagascar to the South Pacific islands.
They feature a large, erect, woody rhizome with a wide base supported by thick roots. The fronds are deltoid, pinnate, 5–8 metres (16–26 ft) long, with spreading leaflets.[2] At the base of the fronds is a pair of thick, leathery stipules — in the case of A. canaliculata, measuring up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long and wide.[3] Species of smaller stature with elongate synangia and creeping rhizomes are sometimes segregated into the genus Archangiopteris, and a once-pinnate monotypic segregate genus has been called Macroglossum, but molecular data supports inclusion of these taxa within a broad concept of Angiopteris.[4]
Angiopteris is unique among ferns in having explosively dispersed spores, thought to be caused by the cavitation of an airspace between spore layers.[5] The basal chromosome number for this genus is 2n=80. The type species is Angiopteris evecta.[4]
Angiopteris evecta has been introduced and naturalized in Hawaii,[6] Jamaica, and parts of Central America, where it has become an invasive weed in lower elevation drainages.[citation needed]
Taxonomy
[edit]The Smith et al. classification of 2006, based on molecular phylogeny, placed Angiopteris in Marattiaceae.[7] Subsequent classifications have maintained this placement.[8][9][10]
Angiopteris taxonomy is poorly understood, with nearly 200 poorly defined species having been named.[4] As of October 2026[update], the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World recognizes 56 species in Angiopteris.[11] World Flora Online recognizes 53 species.[12] Plants of the World Online recognizes 60 species and one hybrid.[1]
Species
[edit]- Angiopteris annamensis C.Chr. & Tardieu
- Angiopteris arborescens (Blanco) Merr.
- Angiopteris bipinnata (Ching) J.M.Camus
- Angiopteris boninensis Hieron.
- Angiopteris brooksii Copel.
- Angiopteris cadierei (C.Chr. & Tardieu) Govaerts & Christenh.
- Angiopteris cartilagidens Christ (includes A. acutidentata Ching, recognized by POWO)
- Angiopteris caudatiformis Hieron. (includes A. robusta Ching, recognized by POWO)
- Angiopteris chauliodonta Copel.
- Angiopteris chingii J.M.Camus
- Angiopteris chongsengiana Senterre & I.Fabre
- Angiopteris cochinchinensis de Vriese
- Angiopteris confertinervia Ching ex C.Chr. & Tardieu
- Angiopteris crassipes Wall.
- Angiopteris danaeoides Z.R.He & Christenh.
- Angiopteris dianyuecola Z.R.He & W.M.Chu
- Angiopteris elliptica Alderw.
- Angiopteris esculenta Ching
- Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm. (includes A. muricata de Vriese, recognized by POWO)
- Angiopteris ferox Copel.
- Angiopteris fokiensis Hieron. (includes A. nanchuanensis Z.Y.Liu, recognized by POWO)
- Angiopteris guangdongensis W.F.Chen & Y.H.Yan (not yet in WFO)
- Angiopteris helferiana C.Presl (includes A. wallichiana C.Presl, recognized by POWO)
- Angiopteris hokouensis Ching
- Angiopteris holttumii C.Chr.
- Angiopteris indica Desv.
- Angiopteris involuta Li J.Jiang & Z.R.He
- Angiopteris itoi (W.C.Shieh) J.M.Camus (considered a hybrid by POWO)
- Angiopteris javanica C.Presl
- Angiopteris latipinna (Ching) Z.R.He, W.M.Chu & Christenh.
- Angiopteris lygodiifolia Rosenst.
- Angiopteris madagascariensis de Vriese
- Angiopteris marchionica E.D.Br.
- Angiopteris microura Copel.
- Angiopteris mutata Alderw. (not yet recognized by CFLW or WFO)
- Angiopteris nodosipetiolata Ting Wang tris, H.F.Chen & Y.H.Yan
- Angiopteris oblanceolata Ching & Chu H.Wang
- Angiopteris opaca Copel.
- Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C.Chr.
- Angiopteris paucinervis W.M.Chu & Z.R.He
- Angiopteris pruinosa Kunze
- Angiopteris rapensis E.D.Br.
- Angiopteris remota Ching & Chu H.Wang
- Angiopteris smithii Racib.
- Angiopteris somae (Hayata) Makino & Nemoto
- Angiopteris sparsisora Ching
- Angiopteris subcuspidata Rosenst.
- Angiopteris subrotundata (Ching) Z.R.He & Christenh.
- Angiopteris sugongii Gui L.Zhang, J.Y.Xiang & Ting Wang
- Angiopteris tamdaoensis (Hayata) J.Y.Xiang & T.Wang
- Angiopteris tonkinensis (Hayata) J.M.Camus
- Angiopteris undulatostriata Hieron.
- Angiopteris versteegii Alderw.
- Angiopteris wangii Ching
- Angiopteris weimingii Li J.Jiang & Z.R.He (not yet recognized in POWO and WFO)
- Angiopteris winkleri Rosenst.
- Angiopteris yunnanensis Hieron.
Fossil species
[edit]- †Angiopteris angustifoliopsis Kuzitchkina
- †Angiopteris iberica Delle & Doludenko
- †Angiopteris parvispinellatus (Maljavkina) Faddeeva
- †Angiopteris richthofenii von Schenk
- †Angiopteris taeniopteroides Yang
Phylogeny
[edit]The following phylogeny of Angiopteris is based on GenBank plastid data.[13][14]
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References
[edit]- 1 2 "Angiopteris Hoffm". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 October 2026.
- ↑ Ellison, Don (1999). Cultivated Plants of the World (2nd ed.). London: New Holland.
- ↑ Holttum, R.E. (1978). "Morphology and Anatomy of Angiopteris with Description of a New Species". Kew Bulletin. 32: 592. doi:10.2307/4109664. JSTOR 4109664.
- 1 2 3 Murdock, Andrew G. (2008). "A taxonomic revision of the eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae, with description of a new genus Ptisana". Taxon. 57 (3): 737–755. Bibcode:2008Taxon..57..737M. doi:10.1002/tax.573007.
- ↑ Hovenkamp, Peter (June 2009). "Spore movement driven by the spore wall in an eusporangiate fern". Grana. 48 (2): 122–127. Bibcode:2009Grana..48..122H. doi:10.1080/00173130902804331. S2CID 51794034.
- ↑ Murdock, Andrew G. (2008). "Phylogeny of marattioid ferns (Marattiaceae) inferring a root in the absence of a closely related outgroup". American Journal of Botany. 95 (5): 626–641. Bibcode:2008AmJB...95..626M. doi:10.3732/ajb.2007308. PMID 21632388.
- ↑ Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald; Wolf, Paul G. (2006). "A classification for extant ferns" (PDF). Taxon. 55 (3): 705–731. Bibcode:2006Taxon..55..705S. doi:10.2307/25065646. JSTOR 25065646.
- ↑ Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Zhang, Xian-Chun; Schneider, Harald (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 19 (1): 7–54. Bibcode:2011Phytx..19....7C. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2.
- ↑ Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC 3936591. PMID 24532607.
- ↑ PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. Bibcode:2016JSyEv..54..563.. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.
- ↑ Hassler, Michael. "Angiopteris". World Ferns. Retrieved 18 October 2026.
- ↑ "Angiopteris Hoffm." World Flora Online. Retrieved 18 October 2026.
- ↑ Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13 909768. Bibcode:2022FrPS...1309768N. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
- ↑ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.9.0 (GenBank release 273). 2026. Retrieved 18 October 2026.