Bayezid II

Bayezid II's policy toward the Principality of Moldavia combined military pressure with the preservation of a tributary relationship that left the principality with considerable internal autonomy. Moldavia had paid tribute to the Porte since the mid-1450s.^[15] Stephen the Great withheld it from the early 1470s, but resumed the payments in 1479, during the reign of Mehmed II.^[16] The Black Sea ports of Kilia (Chila) and Akkerman (Cetetea Albă), however, remained in Moldovian hands—Stephen had taken Kilia in 1465 and rebuilt its stone fortress in 1479—and were a persistent Ottoman objective.^[17]

In the summer of 1484 Bayezid II personally led a campaign against the two ports, supported by Wallachian troops under the Ottoman vassals Vlad the Monk and by Crimean Tatar forces under Menli I Giray.^[18] Kilia, attacked by land and river, surrendered on or about14 July 1484 and after a siege of roughly ten days.^[19] Akkerman, to whose capture the Tatars contributed, fell in early August.^[18][20] Part of Akkerman's population was deported to Istanbul and western Anatolia, and its churches were converted into mosques.^[20] Writing to the merchants of Ragusa on 2 August 1484, Bayezid described Kilia as the key and gateway to Moldavia, Hungary and the Danubian lands.^[18] The campaign received prominent treatment in Ottoman historiography; the "Tarih-i Sultan Bayezid" manuscript in the Topkapı Palace even illustrates both fortresses in miniatures made shortly after their capture.^[21] With the two ports in Ottoman hands, the Black Sea became in practice an "Ottoman Lake"^[22]

The loss was a severe economic and military blow to Moldavia.^[22] Stephen turned to Poland and in September 1485 paid homage to King Casimir IV at Kolomyia (Colomea);^[23] while he was away, the Ottomans invaded Moldavia and burned Suceava on19 September. A combined Moldavian–Polish force subsequently compelled the Ottomans to retreat, notably at the Battle of Cătlăbuga in November 1485, and a further clash took place at Şcheia in March 1486. Ottoman raiders under Mihaloğlu Ali Bey, İskender Bey and Malkoçoğlu Bali Bey continued to raid Moldovia in 1485–86.^[24] A peace concluded in 1486 confirmed Ottoman possession of Kilia and Akkerman and renewed Moldavia's status as a tribute-payer under the sultan's protection.^[25]

In 1489 Poland concluded a truce with Bayezid II, tacitly accepting the Ottoman hold on the two ports; with any prospect of recovering them gone, Stephen reached his own accommodation with the sultan and resumed paying tribute. Thereafter he cooperated with the Ottomans against Poland: during the Ottoman raid of 1498 under Bali Bey, the Moldavian ruler supplied the army and was rewarded by the sultan with a robe of honour and banners.^[26] Bayezid himself, whose attention was absorbed by the war with the Mamluks and, from 1499, with Venice,^[27] generally left Moldavia as a tributary, relying on frontier raiders ("akıncı") and the Crimean Khanate to maintain Ottoman influence; major Ottoman operations north of the Danube resumed only when Poland attacked Moldavia in 1497–1499.^[28]

The first of two wars between the Ottomans and the Mamluk Sultanate was fought during Bayezid II's reign against Qaitbay.^[29] The two powers competed for influence over the southern Anatolian frontier, where the Mamluks maintained client states such as Dulkadir and Karaman as buffers and as guardians of the mountain passes; both had been targets of Ottoman expansion since the 1470s.^[30][29] Tensions were sharpened by the fate of Bayezid's brother Cem Sultan, who took refuge in Cairo after his death in the succession struggle of 1481–1482. The Mamluks declined to give him military support, but harboring him aroused Bayezid's hostility,^[30] which was further inflamed when the Mamluks detained an Ottoman envoy returning from the Deccan.^[31]

Bayezid began hostilities in 1484 by sending an army into Dulkadir, and in 1485 the Dulkadir ruler Alaüddevle Bozkurt, with Ottoman support, attacked the Mamluk-held city of Malatya.^[32] The Ottomans opened the war with a rapid occupation of Tarsus, Adana and other Cilician fortresses in operations conducted by land and sea.^[30] Karagöz Mehmed Pasha, the new governor of Karaman, led provincial troops that subdued the Turgudlu and Varsak tribes and captured many fortresses in Cilica.^[33]

A Mamluk army under Azbak (Uzbek) min Tutukh marched north in October 1485. On 9 February 1486 it attacked a poorly prepared Ottoman force near Adana and scattered it, then besieged the city. An Ottoman relief army was crushed in the second Battle of Adana on 15 March.^[34] Bayezid's son-in-law Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha was captured and the Ottomans lost Cilicia to Mamluks.^[33][35] However, the relunctance of the Mamluk army to continue fighting led to their return to Cairo by 1486.^[34] In response, Bayezid dispatched a large force composed of Janissaries under the command of Grand Vizier Koca Davud Pasha.^[36] Rather than seeking a decisive pitched battle with the Mamluks, the campaign aimed to pacify Mamluk supporters in the region, thereby securing the Ottoman rear.^[33]

The decisive campaign came in 1488. An Ottoman army under Hadım Ali Pasha invaded Cilicia in the spring and quickly reoccupied the key cities, fortresses and passes; the Ottoman historian İdris-i Bidlisi presented the offensive as an effort to free Syria from Mamluk rule.^[37] A fleet, under the recently released Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, was to support the army from the sea,^[33] but bad weather sank or drove away the Ottoman ships and oponed the coastal pas into Cilicia to the Mamluks.^[36] Qaitbay had assembled what a contemporary eyewithness called the largest army of Egypt had produced in a century, some 40,000 strong,^[38] again under Azbak. The armies fought at Ağaçayırı near Adana. The Ottomans at first made progress on one wing, but their other flank was driven back, and when troops of the Karaman province fled the battlefield the Ottomans were forced to retreat, leaving the Mamluks with a costly victory.^[39] The Mamluks went on to take Adana after a three-month siege, most Ottoman provincial commanders were recalled to Constantinople and imprisioned, and several Turkmen allies of the Ottomans, including Alaüddevle, turned back toward the Mamluks.^[40][41]

Operations in 1489–1490 were limited. In 1490 a Mamluk force advanced into Karaman and besieged Kayseri, but withdrew to Cilicia when an Ottoman relief army under Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha approached.^[40] By then both sides wanted peace: Qaitbay was close to bankruptcy,^[42] while Bayezid feared renewed conflict in the Balkans and a possible crusade against the Ottomans.^[40] A treaty concluded in 1491 restored the "status quo ante", with the border fixed at the Gülek Pass in the Taurus Mountains and the Cilician plain left to the Mamluks.^[40] The war ended without territorial change, and it has been described as a Mamluk victory that left the Mamluk state exhausted and in need of peace perhaps even more than Bayezid.^[43]

Moldavia was the main arena of a series Polish-Ottoman confrontations between 1485 and 1503.^[44] The truce of 1489, which confirmed Ottoman possession of Kilia and Akkerman, had already pushed Stephen the Great to turn away from Poland and toward the Porte.^[44] After Casimir's death in 1494 his son John I Albert pursued a more aggressive policy aimed at restoring Polish suzerainty over Moldavia and recovering the Black Sea ports;^[45] according to several accounts he also meant to place his brother Sigismund on the Moldavian throne.^[46][47] Stephen declined to join the anti-Ottoman league of Poland, Hungary and Venice, fearing that Moldavia would become the main theatre of Polish–Ottoman war, and sought assurances of Ottoman support instead.^[48] A Polish envoy sent to Istanbul asking for peace was rejected by Bayezid.

Preparations culminated in a large expedition in the summer of 1497, supported by heavy artillery.^[46] Estimates of the Polish strength vary widely, (from about 40,000 to 80,000 with 200 cannon); the total Polish strength was probably roughly 59,000.^[49] The Polish army entered Moldavia and began the siege of capital Suceava on September. Stephen had received help from the Ottomans, the Crimean Tatars, Wallachia.^[47] Stephen's own relations with the Porte were those of a tributary: the Ottoman chronicler İbn Kemal calls him one of the sultan's tribute-paying servants.^[50]

On 26 October 1497, during the Polish retreat, Moldavian forces and their allies attacked the column in the Cosmin Forest.^[49] John Albert chose a different, unfamiliar road through Bukovina. As the baggage train entered the forest the Moldavians felled trees across the road and their infantry attacked both sides, throwing the column into disorder.^[51] The Polish army suffered a serious defeat: estimates of the losses range from about to 11,000 up to 40,000 men.^[52] A detachment of Masovian knights sent to relive the king was destroyed at Lenteşti.

The Poles' defeat was followed in 1498 by retaliatory raids into Polish terrority. In April 1498 an Ottoman "akıncı" army under Malkoçoğlu Bali Bey crossed Moldavia, where Stephen supplied it with provisions, and reached the Dniester on 28 April;^[53] it was joined by some 6,000 Tatars sent by Menli I Giray, and the Ottoman chronicles speak of tens of thousands of captive, around 50,000 according to İbn Kemal and Oruç Bey.^[54] Stephen was rewarded by Bayezid with a robe of honour and standarts for his service.^[50] A separate Moldavian campaign devastated southern Poland as far as Lwow, with figures of up to 100,000 captives given in the literature.^[55][51] A second Ottoman raid at the end of 1498 ended in disaster, as most of the raiders froze to death on the return march in January 1499.^[56]

According to İbn Kemal, the Polish king, having failed to win Hungarian help and having been informed by Stephen, was forced to beg for mercy.^[57] Peace with Moldavia followed in 1499 and in October 1503 King Alexander I Jagiellon concluded a five-year peace treaty with Bayezid II. The Ottoman chronicles of these years treat Moldavia as an Ottoman territory whose ruler and population were tribute-payers of the sultan, and describe the raids on Poland as the defence of this tributary land.^[57]

Venice had avoided conflict with the Ottomans after the war of 1463–1479 and continued to honour the treaty of 1479,^[58] but from 1491 onwards, Bayezid worsened relations with Venice. The Ottomans enforced a ban on grain exports to Venice, while Venetian attempts at concilation came to nothing.^[59] Throughout the Cem affair the Ottomans had come to realise that without a strong navy they could neither feel secure in the Balkans nor influence events in Italy; after 1489 they worked to strengthen their fleet, and in 1497 they began building two very large sailing ships at the Istanbul shipyards.^[59] These "göke" carracks, each said to have carried over forty guns and a thousand fighting men, were built under the guidance of a Venetian renegade engineer.^[60]

War began in 1499 when the Ottomans arrested the Venetian subjects in their dominions, an act tantamount to a declaration of war.^[59] Bayezid took the field in person: the army, under the "beylerbeyi" of Rumeli Mustafa Pasha, marched on the Venetian port of Lepanto (İnebahtı), while the sultan followed and set up his camp nearby.^[61] The fleet, some 260 ships under the "Kapudan Pasha" Davud Pasha, with experienced corsairs such as Kemal Reis and Burak Reis among its commanders, sailed into the Ionian Sea.^[60] The Venetian fleet under Antonio Grimani was much smaller, about 95 vessels, but included heavier ships.^[62] The Battle of Zonchio was fought over four days, 12, 20, 22, and 25 August 1499.^[63][64] It was notable for the use of heavy naval artillery by the large sailing ships on both sides.^[65] In the first engagement most of the Venetian captains refused to join the fight; two Venetian carracks grappled with an Ottoman carrack, and all three burned and sank, killing Burak Reis and Venetian commander Andrea Loredan.^[66] The Venetian fleet failed to prevent the Ottoman fleet from entering the Gulf of Lepanto, and Grimani was blamed for the defeat, and was later exiled.^[67] Cut off from help, the Venetian garrison of Lepanto surrendered in August 1499.^[68] The victory established the Ottomans as a serious naval power in Mediterranean.^[69] Ottoman land forces also began raiding Venetian Dalmatia.^[70]

In 1500 the Ottomans turned against Venice's bases in the Morea. Bayezid again took personal command of the army, which besieged Modon while Kemal Reis bombarded it from sea; a Venetian relief fleet failed to break the blockade, and city was stormed on 9 August.^[71] Navarino, which fell in 1500, was recaptured by Kemal Reis in 1501.^[72] In late 1500 a Spanish–Venetian force captured Cephalonia, and in 1501 Feriz Beg captured Durazzo in Venetian Albania.^[73] Ottoman incursions into Dalmatia led Venice to conclude a treaty with Hungary on 13 May 1501, by which it paid Hungary an annual subsidy to defend its southern territories.^[74]

By 1502 Bayezid was threatening Venice with a huge armada, but his viziers were well disposed to Venetian peace offers, and the Hungarian ambassador in Istanbul also pressed the sultan for peace.^[72] A peace treaty was signed in 1502, Venice returned Leucas and, as in 1479, agreed to pay an annual sum of 10,000 gold ducats.^[72]

Bayezid's accession was followed by a reaction against some of the policies of Mehmed II. Influenced by the ulema and by leading officials aligned with them, Bayezid returned to their former owners most of the waqf properties and private holdings that Mehmed had taken over for the state,^[75] and he also removed from the palace the paintings by Italian artists that Mehmed had commissioned.^[76] Mehmed's reform of the last years of his reign has been described as primarily a fiscal measure rather than a true land reform,^[77] and many holdings in question remained in the hands of their earlier owners as timar-holders;^[78] its reversal under Bayezid therefore conciliated those who had apposed it more than it changed the structure of landholdings.^[79]

The reversal extended to the coinage. Between 1444 and 1481 the silver content of the "akçe" had been reduced by about 30 percent in debasements undertaken roughly every ten years,^[80] a policy that had met opposition from the ulema and other groups;^[81] after Mehmed's death Bayezid sought support of those groups, because he feared that his brother, Cem would be put forward as a candidate by these groups.^[82] He promised to end the practice, and the silver content of "akçe" changed very little between 1481 and 1585.^[83] Historians have described the reign as a period of consolidation in which many of the economic problems left by Mehmed's policies were resolved. Bayezid also recreated the Ottoman Army and Navy with new technologies, laying a firm foundation for the conquests of his son Selim I and his grandson Suleiman I.^[84]

Trade was centred on Bursa, which was the principal Ottoman market for Iranian raw silk, exchanged there with Italian and other merchants for western woollen cloth.^[85][86] In 1490 Bayezid ordered the construction of the Koza Han, a caravanserai for the silk trade completed in 1491,^[87] whose revenues were assgined to the waqf of his mosque complex in Istanbul.^[88]

The foundation of the Edirne Complex was laid in May 1484, in a ceremony attanded by the sultan himself,^[89] while he was in Edirne preparing the campaign against Kilia and Akkerman.^[90] The mosque was completed in 1488 according to the inscription over its portal by the calligrapher Şeyh Hamdullah. The architect is traditionally given as Mimar Hayruddin. Covering some 22,000 square metres on the north blank of the Tunca River, it comprised a mosque, guest houses ("tabhane"), a medical "medrese", a hospital ("darüşşifa"), a pharmacy, an "imaret" (soup kitchen), storage buildings, a bath and a bridge.^[91][92] The medical school, with eighteen domed rooms, trained its students in the adjoining hospital.^[91] According to Evliya Çelebi, who visited the complex, a group of ten musicians played for the patients three days a week under the great dome of the hospital, a form of treatment for the mentally ill that has made the building famous.^[93] The complex was placed on Turkey's Tentative List of World Heritage Sites in 2016. The Bayezid complex is the oldest imperial "külliye" in Istanbul that survives substantially in its original form.^[91]

In July 1492, the new state of Spain expelled its Jewish and Muslim populations as part of the Spanish Inquisition. Bayezid II sent out the Ottoman Navy under the command of admiral Kemal Reis to Spain in 1492 in order to evacuate them safely to Ottoman lands. He sent out proclamations throughout the empire that the refugees were to be welcomed.^[94] He granted the refugees the permission to settle in the Ottoman Empire and become Ottoman citizens. He ridiculed the conduct of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in expelling a class of people so useful to their subjects. "You venture to call Ferdinand a wise ruler," he said to his courtiers, "he who has impoverished his own country and enriched mine!"^[95] Bayezid addressed a firman to all the governors of his European provinces, ordering them not only to refrain from repelling the Spanish refugees, but to give them a friendly and welcome reception.^[95] He threatened with death all those who treated the Jews harshly or refused them admission into the empire. Moses Capsali, who probably helped to arouse the sultan's friendship for the Jews, was most energetic in his assistance to the exiles. He made a tour of the communities and was instrumental in imposing a tax upon the rich, to ransom the Jewish victims of the persecution.

The Muslims and Jews of al-Andalus contributed much to the rising power of the Ottoman Empire by introducing new ideas, methods and craftsmanship. The first printing press in Constantinople (now Istanbul) was established by the Sephardic Jews in 1493. It is reported that under Bayezid's reign, Jews enjoyed a period of cultural flourishing, with the presence of such scholars as the Talmudist and scientist Mordecai Comtino; astronomer and poet Solomon ben Elijah Sharbiṭ ha-Zahab; Shabbethai ben Malkiel Cohen, and the liturgical poet Menahem Tamar.^{[citation needed]}

The last years of Bayezid's reign were overshadowed by his declining health and by rivalry among his three surviving sons, Ahmed, Selim and Korkut. Afflicted with gout and unable to go on campaign for years, Bayezid left the business of government largely to his viziers, notably Hadım Ali Pasha and Mustafa Pasha, who faced significant opposition.^[96]

The earthquake of 10 September 1509, known to Ottomans as the "Little Apocalypse" (known in Turkish as Küçük Kıyamet), added to the strain.^[97][98] It killed several thousand people in Istanbul and damaged the palace and the city walls. Bayezid mobilised as many as 66,000 labourers and levied extra taxes in 1510 to rebuild the city. Bayezid blamed the disaster on the failings of his viziers and commanders.^[99] By 1511 the sultan was holding court at Edirne.^[100]

Bayezid had apparently intended to leave the throne to Ahmed. He had appointed him governer of Amasya, the sanjak nearest to Istanbul, and promised him the succession, and most of the viziers supported Ahmed's claim.^[101][102] Selim, governor of Trabzon and Korkut, governer of Teke, concluded that Ahmed would be preferred and left their sanjaks without permission to be closer to the capital: Korkut moved to Saruhan, while Selim, in September 1510, went to Kaffa in Crimea, where his son Süleyman was governor, and from there lobbied his father and grand vizier against Ahmed's succession.^[103] Korkut is also said to have sought backing from the Mamluk Sultan in Egypt.^[104] In May 1511 Selim crossed the Black Sea with about a hundred ships and a force that included a thousand Tatars sent by Crimean Khan. Akkerman refused to admit him, and he moved on through Kilia toward Edirne, saying that he wished only to kiss his father's hand.^[105] Bayezid was inclided to receive him, but Ahmed's supporters persuaded him that the march was a rebellion, and the dispute was resolved temporarily through the mediation of the scholar Sarıgörez Nureddin Efendi: Selim was given the sanjak of Semendire in the Balkans, and Bayezid promised not to enthrone Ahmed in his own lifetime.^[106] When his pashas urged him to attack Selim, he rebuked them as contrary to both religion and reason.^[107]

The compromise did not last. When Selim learned that the viziers were once again moving to bring Ahmed to the throne, he marched on Istanbul and caught up with his father near Çorlu, Bayezid's army attacked and defeated him. Selim escaped by sea to Kaffa.^[108] Selim's supporters presented his march as an attempt to see his father and to forestall Ahmed, while his opponents, described it as a rebellion.^[109] Meanwhile the pro-Safavid Şahkulu Rebellion in Teke had defeated and killed the beylerbeyi Karagöz Pasha,^[110] and in June 1511 Grand Vizier Hadım Ali Pasha crossed into Anatolia with Ahmed to suppress it.^[111] Ahmed damaged his standing with the army by pressing the soldiers to swear allegiance to him during the siege, and Ali Pasha was killed in the fighting that followed; the rebel Leader Şahkulu also died during the campaign.^[112] The death of the grand vizier and of his son Şehinşah, in the same month badly shook Bayezid, aggravated his illness and led him to say that the would withdraw from the trone.^[113]

Ahmed's chances ended in September 1511, when the viziers brought him to Üsküdar to be enthroned. The Janisarries rioted against the pro-Ahmed viziers, demanded their dismissal and refused to accept him, and Bayezid had to give in.^[114] Bayezid II feared that Ahmet might in turn kill him to gain the throne, so he refused to allow his son to enter Constantinople. Ahmed withdrew to Anatolia, demanded Karaman and then occupied Konya, defying his father.^[115] Korkut, deceived by officials into thinking that the succession was open, reached Istanbul in March 1512 but was received coolly by the Janisaries and gave up his claim.^[116] Bayezid, who feared that Ahmed might ask Shah Ismail for help, and who could not resist the pressure of some of his advisors and of the Janisarries, finally yielded and allowed Selim to return to Istanbul.^[117][118] Selim was greeted outside the city by officials, soldiers and crowds; on 24 April 1512 Bayezid handed him the throne.^[118] Historians also disagree on whether the abdication was voluntary.^[119][102] Selim escorted his father on foot beside his carriage as far as the Edirne Gate, from where Bayezid set out for Demotika, which Selim had granted him as his property.^[120]

Bayezid died on the road near Söğütlü, close to Havsa, on 26 May 1512,^[121] and was buried in the türbe of his mosque in Istanbul.^[122] The succession struggle continued for another year, ending with the executions of Ahmed and Korkut in 1513.

Bayezid was praised in a ghazal-style poem of Abdürrezzak Bahşı, a scribe who came to Constantinople from Samarkand in the second half of the 15th century that worked at the courts of Mehmed II and Bayezid II, and wrote in Chagatai with the Old Uyghur alphabet:^[123][124]

I had a pleasant time in your reign my Padishah.

I was without fear of all fears and dangers.

The fame of your justice and fairness reached to China and Hotan.

Thanks to God that there exist a merciful person like my Padishah.

Sultan Bayezid Khan ascended the throne.

This country had been his fate since past eternity.

Any enemy that denied the country of my master:

That enemy's neck had been in rope and gallows.

Your believing servants' faces smile like Bahşı's.

The place of those who walk unbelieving is hellfire.

Bayezid II ordered al-ʿAtufi, the librarian of Topkapı Palace, to prepare a register.^[125] The library's diverse holdings reflect a cosmopolitanism that was encyclopaedic in scope.^[126]

Bayezid had ten known consorts:^[127][128]

• Şirin Hatun, Başkadin, mother of Şehzade Abdullah, Bayezid's eldest son;
• Hüsnüşah Hatun, daughter of Nasuh Bey of Karaman and mother of Şehzade Şehinşah^{[129][130][131]}
• Bülbül Hatun, mother of Şehzade Ahmed, Bayezid's favorite son;
• Nigar Hatun, mother of Şehzade Korkut, regent of the Ottoman Empire;
• Gülruh Hatun; mother of Şehzade Alemşah^[132]
• Muhtereme Ferahşad Hatun; mother of Şehzade Mehmed^[132]
• Ayşe Gülbahar Hatun, the mother of Sultan Selim I, is said to have had one of two possible origins. The most widely accepted view is that she was the daughter of Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey of the Dulkadirid dynasty.^[133][134] A less widely accepted theory suggests that she was a concubine.^[9]
• Gülfem Hatun;
• Mühürnaz Hatun.

Bayezid had at least eight sons:

• Şehzade Abdullah (c. 1465 – 6 November 1483) – son of Şirin Hatun.^[135] He was governor of Manisa, Trebizond and Konya. He died of unknown causes and was buried in Bursa. He married his cousin, Nergisşah (or Nergiszade) Ferahşad Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Mustafa, and had with her a son and two daughters.
• Şehzade Ahmed (c. 1466 – 24 March 1513) – son of Bülbül Hatun. Bayezid's favorite son, he was executed by his half-brother Selim I, who became sultan. He had at least seven concubines, seven sons and four daughters.
• Şehzade Korkut (Amasya, 1469 –Manisa, 10 March 1513) – son of Nigar Hatun.^[135] Rival of Selim I for the throne, he was first exiled by him and then executed. He had two children who died as infants and two daughters.
• Şehzade Şehinşah (c.1470 – 2 July 1511, buried in his half-brother Ahmed's mausoleum) - with Hüsnüşah Hatun.^[127] He was governor of Manisa and Karaman. He had a known consort, Mükrime Hatun (buried in her own mausoleum in Muradiye Complex, Bursa), five sons and a daughter.
• Selim I (Amasya, 10 October 1470 – Çorlu, 22 September 1520) – son with Gülbahar Hatun, he dethroned his father and became Sultan
• Şehzade Mahmud (1475 – 4 November 1507) – unknown motherhood, full-brother of Gevhermülük Sultan. He was governor of Kastamonu and Manisa. He had three sons and two daughters:
  • Şehzade Musa (1490–1512, executed by Selim I).
  • Şehzade Orhan (1494–1512, executed by Selim I).
  • Şehzade Emirhan Süleyman (?–1512, executed by Selim I).
  • Ayşe Hundi Sultan (1495–fl. 1556), married in 1508 to Ferruh Bey with whom she had a daughter:
    • Mihrihan Hanımsultan
  • Hançerli Zeynep Hanzade Fatma Sultan (1496–April 1533). It is believed that she may have educated the future Hürrem Sultan before she was introduced to Suleiman the Magnificent via Hafsa Sultan or Pargali Ibrahim. She married in 1508 to Mehmed Bey with whom she had two sons:
    • Sultanzade Kasim Bey (1511–1531)
    • Sultanzade Mahmud Bey
• Şehzade Alemşah (1477–1502) – son of Gülruh Hatun.^[136] Governor of Mentese and Manisa. He died of liver cirrhosis due to the unruly life he led. He had a son and two daughters:
  • Şehzade Osman Şah (1492–1512, executed by Selim I)
  • Ayşe Sultan, married in 1521 to his cousin Sultanzade Mehmed Çelebi, son of Sofu Fatma Sultan
  • Fatma Sultan (1493–1522), buried in the Gülruh's mausoleum, Bursa.^[136]
• Şehzade Mehmed (1484 – December 1504) – son of Ferahşad Hatun. Governor of Kefe. He married Ayşe Hatun, a princess of the Giray Khanate of Crimea. After his death, Ayşe married in 1511 his half-brother, Selim I. He had a daughter and two sons by unknown concubines:
  • Fatma Sultan (1500–1556)
  • Şehzade Alemşah
  • Şehzade Mehmed (1505, born posthumously – 1513, killed by Selim I).

Bayezid II, once ascended to the throne, granted his daughters and granddaughters in the male line the title of "Sultan" and his granddaughters in the female line that of "Hanımsultan", which replaced the simple honorific "Hatun" in use until then. His grandsons in female line obtained instead the title of "Sultanzade". Bayezid's reform of female titles remains in effect today among the surviving members of the Ottoman dynasty.

Bayezid had at least sixteen daughters:

• Aynışah Sultan (c. 1463 – c. 1514) – daughter of Şirin Hatun. She married twice, she had two daughters and a son. Like her half-sister Ilaldi Sultan, she sent a congratulatory letter to her half-brother Selim when he became sultan.^[137]
• Hatice Sultan (c. 1463 – Bursa; 1500) – daughter of Bülbül Hatun. She married firstly in 1479 to Muderis Kara Mustafa Pasha and she was widowed in 1483, when her husband was executed on charges of supporting Şehzade Cem's claim to the throne against Bayezid. Hatice remarried the following year to Faik Pasha (d. 1499). She died in 1500 and was buried in her mausoleum, built by her son, in Bursa. Hatice built a mosque, school and fountain in Edirnekapi, Constantinople. She had two sons and two daughters:
  • Sultanzade Ahmed Bey – with Mustafa Pasha. Governor of Bursa. He built a mausoleum in memory of his mother
  • Hanzade Hanımsultan – with Mustafa Pasha
  • Sultanzade Mehmed Çelebi – with Faik Pasha
  • Ayşe Hanımsultan – with Faik Pasha.
• Hundi Sultan (c. 1464 – 1511) – daughter of Bülbül Hatun. In 1481 she married Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha and had two sons and four daughters:
  • Sultanzade Musa Bey
  • Sultanzade Mustafa Bey
  • Kamerşah Hanımsultan
  • Hümaşah Hanımsultan^[138]
  • Aynışah Hanımsultan
  • Mahdümzade Hanımsultan
• Ayşe Sultan (c. 1465 – 1515) – daughter of Nigar Hatun. She was married once and she had two sons and five daughters.^[137]
• Hümaşah Sultan (c. 1466 – before 1511). Also called Hüma Sultan, she married firstly in 1482 to Bali Pasha (d. 1495), governor of Antalya. She had a son and four daughters:
  • Sultanzade Hüseyin Şah Bey (d. 1566)
  • Hani Hanımsultan
  • Hüma Hanımsultan
  • Ümmi Hanımsultan, buried in Gebze beside her father
  • Şahzeman Hanımsultan
• Ilaldi Sultan (c. 1469 – c. 1517). She married Hain Ahmed Pasha (ex. 1524), governor of Rumelia, Egypt and Second Vizier. She sent a congratulatory letter to her brother Selim when he ascended the throne. She had a son and a daughter:
  • Sultanzade Koçî Bey; who married his cousin Hanzade Hanımsultan (daughter of Selçuk Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II) and had a son:
    • Ahmed Çelebi
  • Şahzade Aynişah Hanımsultan (? – fl. 1570); who married Abdüsselâm Çelebi.^[139] They had a daughter:
    • Ümmîhan Hanım
• Gevherimüluk Sultan (c. 1467 – 20 January 1550) – unknown motherhood, full-sister of Şehzade Mahmud. Married once, she had a son and a daughter.
• Sofu Fatma Sultan, (c. 1468 – after 1520, buried in her half-brother Ahmed's mausoleum) – daughter of Nigar Hatun. She was married firstly in 1479 to Isfendiyaroglu Mirza Mehmed Pasha (son of Kızıl Ahmed Bey), divorced in 1488 (after he remarried with Şahnisa Sultan, niece of Fatma); secondly in 1489 to Mustafa Pasha (son of Koca Davud Pasha), widowed in 1503; thirdly in 1504 to Güzelce Hasan Bey. She had three sons and a daughter:
  • Sultanzade Isfendiyaroglu Mehmed Pasha – with Isfendiyaroglu Mirza Mehmed Pasha. He married his cousin Gevherhan Sultan, daughter of Selim I.
  • Sultanzade Haci Ahmed Çelebi – with Güzelce Hasan Bey.
  • Sultanzade Mehmed Çelebi – with Güzelce Hasan Bey. In 1521 he married his cousin Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Alemşah)
  • Fülane Hanımsultan – with Güzelce Hasan Bey. She married her cousin Ahmed Bey, son Ali Bey and Fatma Hanımsultan (daughter of Ayşe Sultan).^[140][141]
• Selçuk Sultan (c. 1469 – 1508). Called also Selçukşah Sultan. She was married firstly in 1484 to Ferhad Bey (d. 1485) with whom she had a son and a daughter. Selçuk Sultan remarried Mehmed Bey in 1487 and had three daughters with him.
  • Sultanzade Gazi Husrev Bey (1484 – 18 June 1541) – with Ferhad Bey
  • Neslişah Hanımsultan (c. 1486 – c. 1550) – with Ferhad Bey. She married Halil Pasha (executed 1540).
  • Hanzade Hanımsultan – with Mehmed Bey. She married his cousin Sultanzade Koçi Bey, son of Ilaldi Sultan and had a son:
    • Ahmed Çelebi
  • Hatice Hanımsultan – with Mehmed Bey; who married a son of Halil Pasha in 1510 and had a daughter:
    • Hanzade Hanım
  • Aslıhan Hanımsultan (c. 1487 – fl. 1529) – with Mehmed Bey; who married Yunus Pasha in 1502 (ex. 1517). She was remarried in 1518 to Defterdar Mehmed Çelebi, who was governor of Egypt and later of Damascus.^[142][143] From the second marriage, she had a daughter but died in childbirth because her age:
    • Selçuk Hanım (born on 21 February 1529)
• Sultanzade Sultan (ante 1470 – ?) – daughter of Hüsnüşah Hatun.^[144]
• Şah Sultan, (c. 1474 – fl. 1506). Also called Şahzade Şah Sultan. She was very charitable and built a mosque in 1506. She was buried in Bursa in the mausoleum of her half-sister Hatice Sultan. She married Nasuh Bey in 1490 and had a daughter:
  • Ismihan Hanımsultan
• Kamerşah Sultan (c. 1476 – January 1520, buried in her mother's mausoleum) – with Gülruh Hatun. Also called Kamer Sultan. She married Koca Mustafa Pasha in 1491 and widowed in 1512. After, she married Nişancı Kara Davud Pasha.^[142] She had a daughter and a son:
  • Hundi Hanımsultan – with Koca Mustafa Pasha. She married Mesih Bey.
  • Sultanzade Osman Bey – with Koca Mustafa Pasha. Buried in the Gülruh's mausoleum.
• Şahzade Sultan (died in 1520). She married Yahya Pasha and had three sons:
  • Sultanzade Yahyapaşazade Gazi Küçük Bali Pasha (? – 1543), in 1508 he married his cousin Devletşah Hanzade Hanimsultan, daughter of Aynişah Sultan.
  • Sultanzade Gazi Koca Mehmed Pasha (? – March 1548).
  • Sultanzade Gazi Ahmed Bey (? – after 1543).
• Fülane Sultan. She was married in 1489 to Koca Davud Pasha (d. 1498) and had a son:
  • Sultanzade Mehmed Bey, who married his cousin Fatma Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Ahmed.
• Fülane Sultan. She was married in 1498 to Gazi Yakub Pasha (d. 1502), remarried in 1504 to Mesih Bey.
• Fülane Sultan. She was married to Karlizade Mehmed Bey.