chore: Update to Ubuntu24.04 (cont #7423)

[richiejp]

Testing fixes to #7423

• ci(workflows): bump GitHub Actions images to Ubuntu 24.04
• ci(workflows): remove CUDA 11.x support from GitHub Actions (incompatible with ubuntu:24.04)
• ci(workflows): bump GitHub Actions CUDA support to 12.9
• build(docker): bump base image to ubuntu:24.04 and adjust Vulkan SDK/packages
• fix(backend): correct context paths for Python backends in workflows, Makefile and Dockerfile
• chore(make): disable parallel backend builds to avoid race conditions
• chore(make): export CUDA_MAJOR_VERSION and CUDA_MINOR_VERSION for override
• chore(make): add backends/faster-whisper and docker-save-faster-whisper targets
• build(backend): update backend Dockerfiles to Ubuntu 24.04
• chore(backend): add ROCm env vars and default AMDGPU_TARGETS for hipBLAS builds
• chore(chatterbox): bump ROCm PyTorch to 2.9.1+rocm6.4 and update index URL; align hipblas requirements
• chore: add local-ai-launcher to .gitignore
• ci(workflows): fix backends GitHub Actions workflows after rebase
• build(docker): use build-time UBUNTU_VERSION variable
• chore(docker): remove libquadmath0 from requirements-stage base image
• chore(make): add backends/vllm to .NOTPARALLEL to prevent parallel builds
• chore(make): remove duplicate docker-build-vllm target
• fix(docker): correct CUDA installation steps in backend Dockerfiles
• chore(backend): update ROCm to 6.4 and align Python hipblas requirements
• ci(workflows): switch GitHub Actions runners to Ubuntu-24.04 for CUDA on arm64 builds
• build(docker): update base image and backend Dockerfiles for Ubuntu 24.04 compatibility on arm64
• build(backend): increase timeout for uv installs behind slow networks on backend/Dockerfile.python
• ci(workflows): switch GitHub Actions runners to Ubuntu-24.04 for vibevoice backend
• ci(workflows): fix failing GitHub Actions runners
• fix: Allow FROM_SOURCE to be unset

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[richiejp]

we have a chicken and egg problem here with the intel image, so I have set it to the upstream image to test building in the CI.

[mudler]

we have a chicken and egg problem here with the intel image, so I have set it to the upstream image to test building in the CI.

we might also not need it anymore, it really was a workaround as I was having issues with using directly upstream images

[richiejp]

Cool, OK, all images managed to build (the current build is blocked by a 503 internal server error). I'm guessing the GGML based backends will all be fine at runtime based on previous testing and the Python ones... maybe less so. Do you want to merge this then scramble to fix the resulting issues? @mudler

c.c. @toalex77