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Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center
PolyLog
  • See Also
    • Zeta
    • PolyGamma
    • LerchPhi
    • HarmonicPolyLog
    • GeneralizedPolyLog
    • MultiplePolyLog
    • AlternatingHarmonicNumber
  • Related Guides
    • Zeta Functions & Polylogarithms
    • Special Functions
    • Mathematical Functions
    • Scientific Models
    • Recurrence and Sum Functions
  • Tech Notes
    • Special Functions
    • Implementation notes: Numerical and Related Functions
    • See Also
      • Zeta
      • PolyGamma
      • LerchPhi
      • HarmonicPolyLog
      • GeneralizedPolyLog
      • MultiplePolyLog
      • AlternatingHarmonicNumber
    • Related Guides
      • Zeta Functions & Polylogarithms
      • Special Functions
      • Mathematical Functions
      • Scientific Models
      • Recurrence and Sum Functions
    • Tech Notes
      • Special Functions
      • Implementation notes: Numerical and Related Functions

PolyLog[n,z]

gives the polylogarithm function TemplateBox[{n, z}, PolyLog].

PolyLog[n,p,z]

gives the Nielsen generalized polylogarithm function TemplateBox[{n, p, z}, PolyLog3].

Details
Details and Options Details and Options
Examples  
Basic Examples  
Scope  
Numerical Evaluation  
Specific Values  
Visualization  
Show More Show More
Function Properties  
Differentiation  
Series Expansions  
Function Identities and Simplifications  
Generalizations & Extensions  
Ordinary Polylogarithm Function  
Nielsen Generalized Polylogarithm Function  
Applications  
Properties & Relations  
Neat Examples  
See Also
Tech Notes
Related Guides
Related Links
History
Cite this Page
BUILT-IN SYMBOL
  • See Also
    • Zeta
    • PolyGamma
    • LerchPhi
    • HarmonicPolyLog
    • GeneralizedPolyLog
    • MultiplePolyLog
    • AlternatingHarmonicNumber
  • Related Guides
    • Zeta Functions & Polylogarithms
    • Special Functions
    • Mathematical Functions
    • Scientific Models
    • Recurrence and Sum Functions
  • Tech Notes
    • Special Functions
    • Implementation notes: Numerical and Related Functions
    • See Also
      • Zeta
      • PolyGamma
      • LerchPhi
      • HarmonicPolyLog
      • GeneralizedPolyLog
      • MultiplePolyLog
      • AlternatingHarmonicNumber
    • Related Guides
      • Zeta Functions & Polylogarithms
      • Special Functions
      • Mathematical Functions
      • Scientific Models
      • Recurrence and Sum Functions
    • Tech Notes
      • Special Functions
      • Implementation notes: Numerical and Related Functions

PolyLog

PolyLog[n,z]

gives the polylogarithm function TemplateBox[{n, z}, PolyLog].

PolyLog[n,p,z]

gives the Nielsen generalized polylogarithm function TemplateBox[{n, p, z}, PolyLog3].

Details

  • Mathematical function, suitable for both symbolic and numerical manipulation.
  • TemplateBox[{n, z}, PolyLog]=sum_(k=1)^(infty)z^k/k^n.
  • TemplateBox[{n, p, z}, PolyLog3]=(-1)^(n+p-1)/((n-1)!p!)int_0^1log^(n-1)(t)log^p(1-zt)/t dt.
  • TemplateBox[{{n, -, 1}, 1, z}, PolyLog3]=TemplateBox[{n, z}, PolyLog].
  • PolyLog[n,z] has a branch cut discontinuity in the complex plane running from 1 to .
  • For certain special arguments, PolyLog automatically evaluates to exact values.
  • PolyLog can be evaluated to arbitrary numerical precision.
  • PolyLog automatically threads over lists.
  • PolyLog can be used with Interval and CenteredInterval objects. »

Examples

open all close all

Basic Examples  (6)

Evaluate numerically:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[3, 1 / 2]

Plot over a subset of the reals:

Wolfram Language code: Plot[PolyLog[2, x], {x, -2, 1}]

Plot over a subset of the complexes:

Wolfram Language code: ComplexPlot3D[PolyLog[2, z], {z, -2 - 2I, 2 + 2I}, PlotLegends -> Automatic]

Series expansion at the origin:

Wolfram Language code: Series[PolyLog[2, x], {x, 0, 10}]

Series expansion at Infinity:

Wolfram Language code: Series[PolyLog[2, x], {x, ∞, 6}]//Normal

Series expansion at a singular point:

Wolfram Language code: Series[PolyLog[2, x], {x, 1, 2}, Assumptions -> x > 1]//Normal

Scope  (33)

Numerical Evaluation  (6)

Evaluate numerically:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[2, .9]
Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[0, 5.0]

Evaluate to high precision:

Wolfram Language code: N[PolyLog[1, 1 / 3], 50]

The precision of the output tracks the precision of the input:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[2, .300000000000000000]

Complex number input:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[.2 + I, .5 - I]

Evaluate efficiently at high precision:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[2 / 3, 1 / 3`100]//Timing
Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[2 / 3, 1 / 8`1000];//Timing

Compute worst-case guaranteed intervals using Interval and CenteredInterval objects:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[2, Interval[{0.7, 0.8}]]
Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[2, CenteredInterval[-4, 1 / 100]]

Compute average-case statistical intervals using Around:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[1 / 2, Around[1 / 2, 0.01]]

Compute the elementwise values of an array:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[2, {{1 / 2, 0}, {0, 1 / 2}}]

Or compute the matrix PolyLog function using MatrixFunction:

Wolfram Language code: MatrixFunction[PolyLog[2, #]&, {{1 / 2, 0}, {0, 1 / 2}}]

Specific Values  (5)

Simple exact values are generated automatically:

Wolfram Language code: Table[PolyLog[n, 1 ], {n, 1, 4}]

PolyLog for symbolic z:

Wolfram Language code: Table[PolyLog[n, z], {n, -2, 1}]

PolyLog for symbolic n:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[n, -1]

Value at zero:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[1, 0]

Find a value of z for which PolyLog[1,z ]=1:

Wolfram Language code: zval = z /. Solve[PolyLog[1, z ] == 1, z][[1]]
Wolfram Language code: Plot[PolyLog[1, z ], {z, -1, 1}, Epilog -> Style[Point[{zval, PolyLog[1, zval ]}], PointSize[Large], Red]]

Visualization  (3)

Plot the PolyLog function as a function of its parameter n:

Wolfram Language code: Plot[PolyLog[n, 2, 1 / 3], {n, 1, 10}]

Plot the PolyLog function for various orders:

Wolfram Language code: Plot[{PolyLog[3, x], PolyLog[4, x], PolyLog[5, x]}, {x, -10, 1}]

Plot the real part of PolyLog function:

Wolfram Language code: ComplexContourPlot[Re[PolyLog[2, z]], {z, -3 - 4I, 3 + 4I}, IconizedObject[«PLotOptions»]]

Plot the imaginary part of PolyLog function:

Wolfram Language code: ComplexContourPlot[Im[PolyLog[2, z]], {z, -3 - 4I, 3 + 4I}, IconizedObject[«PlotOptions»]]

Function Properties  (11)

Real domain of PolyLog:

Wolfram Language code: FunctionDomain[PolyLog[n, x], x]

Complex domain:

Wolfram Language code: FunctionDomain[PolyLog[n, z], z, Complexes]

Function range of TemplateBox[{2, x}, PolyLog]:

Wolfram Language code: FunctionRange[PolyLog[2, x], x, y]

PolyLog threads elementwise over lists:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[4, {0.2, 0.5, 0.7}]

PolyLog is not an analytic function:

Wolfram Language code: FunctionAnalytic[PolyLog[n, x], x, Assumptions -> n > 1]

PolyLog is not meromorphic:

Wolfram Language code: FunctionMeromorphic[PolyLog[n, x], x, Assumptions -> n > 1]//Reduce

TemplateBox[{n, x}, PolyLog] is non-decreasing on its real domain for :

Wolfram Language code: FunctionMonotonicity[{PolyLog[n, x], x ≤ 1}, x, Assumptions -> n > 1]

For other values of , it might or might not be monotonic:

Wolfram Language code: FunctionMonotonicity[{PolyLog[1 / 2, x], x < 1}, x]
Wolfram Language code: FunctionMonotonicity[{PolyLog[-1 / 2, x], x < 1}, x]

TemplateBox[{n, x}, PolyLog] is injective for :

Wolfram Language code: FunctionInjective[PolyLog[n, x], x, Assumptions -> n > 1]
Wolfram Language code: Plot[{PolyLog[2, x], 1}, {x, -5, 5}]

TemplateBox[{n, x}, PolyLog] is not surjective for :

Wolfram Language code: FunctionSurjective[PolyLog[n, x], x, Assumptions -> n > 1]
Wolfram Language code: Plot[{PolyLog[2, x], 10}, {x, -10, 10}]

PolyLog is neither non-negative nor non-positive:

Wolfram Language code: FunctionSign[PolyLog[2, x], x]
Wolfram Language code: FunctionSign[{PolyLog[3, x], x < 1}, x]

PolyLog has both singularity and discontinuity for x≥1:

Wolfram Language code: FunctionSingularities[PolyLog[2, x], x]
Wolfram Language code: FunctionDiscontinuities[PolyLog[2, x], x]

TemplateBox[{2, x}, PolyLog] is convex on its real domain:

Wolfram Language code: FunctionConvexity[{PolyLog[2, x], x ≤ 1}, x]

TraditionalForm formatting:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[n, z]//TraditionalForm
Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[n, p, z]//TraditionalForm

Differentiation  (2)

First derivatives with respect to z:

Wolfram Language code: D[PolyLog[n, z], z]
Wolfram Language code: D[PolyLog[n, p, z], z]

Higher derivatives with respect to z:

Wolfram Language code: Table[D[PolyLog[n, z], {z, k}], {k, 1, 3}]//FullSimplify

Plot the higher derivatives with respect to z when n=1/2:

Wolfram Language code: Plot[Evaluate[% /. n -> 1 / 2], {z, -2, 2}, PlotLegends -> {"First Derivative", "Second Derivative", "Third Derivative"}]

Series Expansions  (2)

Find the Taylor expansion using Series:

Wolfram Language code: Series[PolyLog[n, x], {x, 0, 8}]

Plots of the first three approximations around :

Wolfram Language code: terms = Normal@Table[Series[PolyLog[3, x], {x, 0, m}], {m, 1, 5, 2}]; Plot[{PolyLog[3, x], terms}, {x, -10, 10}]

Taylor expansion at a generic point:

Wolfram Language code: Series[PolyLog[n, x], {x, x0, 2}]// FullSimplify

Function Identities and Simplifications  (4)

PolyLog is defined through the identity:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[n, z] == Sum[z ^ k / k ^ n, {k, 1, ∞}]

Recurrence identity:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[n, z] == Subsuperscript[∫, 0, z](1/t)PolyLog[n - 1, t]ⅆt

For positive integer , TemplateBox[{n, z}, PolyLog] can be expressed in terms of hypergeometric functions:

Wolfram Language code: Table[PolyLog[n, z] == z HypergeometricPFQ[ConstantArray[1, n + 1], ConstantArray[2, n], z]//FullSimplify, {n, 9}]

For negative integer , TemplateBox[{n, z}, PolyLog] is a rational function of :

Wolfram Language code: Table[PolyLog[-n, z] == (-1)^n + 1Underoverscript[∑, j = 0, n](j!StirlingS2[n + 1, j + 1]/(z - 1)^j + 1)//FullSimplify, {n, 9}]

Generalizations & Extensions  (7)

Ordinary Polylogarithm Function  (5)

Infinite arguments give symbolic results:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[2, Infinity]

PolyLog can be applied to power series:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[2, -1 + z + O[z] ^ 5]

Evaluate derivatives exactly:

Wolfram Language code: Derivative[2, 0][PolyLog][1, -1]

Series expansion at branch cuts:

Wolfram Language code: Series[PolyLog[2, z], {z, 2, 3}]

Series expansion at infinity:

Wolfram Language code: Series[PolyLog[2, z], {z, Infinity, 5}]

Give the result for an arbitrary symbolic direction:

Wolfram Language code: Series[PolyLog[2, z], {z, DirectedInfinity[w], 3}]

Nielsen Generalized Polylogarithm Function  (2)

Special cases:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[0, p, z]
Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[1, 3, z]

Series expansion:

Wolfram Language code: Series[PolyLog[2, 2, z], {z, 0, 10}]

Applications  (5)

Plot of the absolute value of the dilogarithm function in the complex plane:

Wolfram Language code: ContourPlot[Abs[PolyLog[2, x + I y]], {x, -2, 2}, {y, -2, 2}]

Calculate integrals over Bose–Einstein distributions:

Wolfram Language code: Integrate[(ϵ^α/E^ϵ - μ - 1), {ϵ, 0, Infinity}, Assumptions -> α ≥ -1 / 2]

Calculate integrals over Fermi–Dirac distributions:

Wolfram Language code: Integrate[(ϵ^α/E^ϵ - μ + 1), {ϵ, 0, Infinity}, Assumptions -> α ≥ -1 / 2]

Volume of a hyperbolic ideal tetrahedron with vertices at , 0, 1, (subject to ):

Wolfram Language code: v[z_] := Im[PolyLog[2, z]] + Arg[1 - z] Log[Abs[z]]

Plot the volume as a function of the vertex :

Wolfram Language code: Plot3D[v[x + I y], {x, -5, 5}, {y, 0, 5}]

Mahler measure of the trivariate polynomial as a function of :

Wolfram Language code: m[a_] = Piecewise[{{(2/Pi^2)(PolyLog[3, a] - PolyLog[3, -a]), 0 ≤ a ≤ 1}, {Log[a] + (2/Pi^2)(PolyLog[3, 1 / a] - PolyLog[3, -1 / a]), a > 1}}]

Plot the Mahler measure:

Wolfram Language code: Plot[m[a], {a, 0, 100}]

Generate the Eulerian numbers [MathWorld]:

Wolfram Language code: Table[Rest[CoefficientList[(1 - t)^n + 1PolyLog[-n, t], t]], {n, 9}]//Column

Properties & Relations  (6)

Use FullSimplify to simplify polylogarithms:

Wolfram Language code: FullSimplify[PolyLog[2, 1 - z] + PolyLog[2, z] + Log[z] Log[1 - z]]

Use FunctionExpand to expand polylogarithms:

Wolfram Language code: PolyLog[2, 1 - I]
Wolfram Language code: FunctionExpand[%]
Wolfram Language code: FunctionExpand[PolyLog[2, Exp[I Pi / 3]]]

Numerically find a root of a transcendental equation:

Wolfram Language code: FindRoot[PolyLog[2, z] - 2 PolyLog[2, z + 2] + z == 2, {z, 3 + I}]

Integration:

Wolfram Language code: Integrate[(PolyLog[2, z]/(z - 1)^2), z]
Wolfram Language code: Integrate[t ^ a PolyLog[2, t], {t, 0, 1}]

Generate from integrals and sums:

Wolfram Language code: Sum[z ^ k / k ^ ν, {k, 1, Infinity}]
Wolfram Language code: Sum[HarmonicNumber[n, r] z ^ n, {n, Infinity}]
Wolfram Language code: Integrate[t ^ (ν - 1) / (E ^ t - z), {t, 0, Infinity}]

PolyLog appears in special cases of various mathematical functions:

Wolfram Language code: HypergeometricPFQ[{1, 1, 1}, {2, 2}, z]
Wolfram Language code: HurwitzLerchPhi[z, n, 1]

Neat Examples  (1)

Plot the Riemann surface of the dilogarithm TemplateBox[{2, z}, PolyLog]:

Wolfram Language code: With[{ε = 1*^-12}, ParametricPlot3D[Table[{r Cos[φ], r Sin[φ], Im[PolyLog[2, r Exp[I φ]] + 2π I(Log[r] + I φ) j]}, {j, -2, 2}], {r, 0, 4}, {φ, ε, 2π - ε}, BoxRatios -> {1, 1, 3}, Mesh -> None, PlotRange -> {All, All, {-12, 12}}, PlotStyle -> Directive[Hue[0.86], Opacity[0.6]]]]

See Also

Zeta  PolyGamma  LerchPhi  HarmonicPolyLog  GeneralizedPolyLog  MultiplePolyLog  AlternatingHarmonicNumber

Function Repository: PolyLogSimplify

Tech Notes

    ▪
  • Special Functions
  • ▪
  • Implementation notes: Numerical and Related Functions

Related Guides

    ▪
  • Zeta Functions & Polylogarithms
  • ▪
  • Special Functions
  • ▪
  • Mathematical Functions
  • ▪
  • Scientific Models
  • ▪
  • Recurrence and Sum Functions

Related Links

  • MathWorld
  • The Wolfram Functions Site
  • NKS|Online  (A New Kind of Science)

History

Introduced in 1988 (1.0) | Updated in 1999 (4.0) ▪ 2000 (4.1) ▪ 2002 (4.2) ▪ 2021 (13.0) ▪ 2022 (13.1)

Wolfram Research (1988), PolyLog, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/PolyLog.html (updated 2022).

Text

Wolfram Research (1988), PolyLog, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/PolyLog.html (updated 2022).

CMS

Wolfram Language. 1988. "PolyLog." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. Last Modified 2022. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/PolyLog.html.

APA

Wolfram Language. (1988). PolyLog. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/PolyLog.html

BibTeX

@misc{reference.wolfram_2026_polylog, author="Wolfram Research", title="{PolyLog}", year="2022", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/PolyLog.html}", note=[Accessed: 01-September-2026]}

BibLaTeX

@online{reference.wolfram_2026_polylog, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={PolyLog}, year={2022}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/PolyLog.html}, note=[Accessed: 01-September-2026]}

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